Part of MAG-02 — Electromagnetic Induction & Alternating Current

Visual Summary: Key Diagrams and Tables for MAG-02

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Phasor Diagram — Series LCR Circuit

I (ref) V_R V_L V_C V (net) φ V_L > V_C → Inductive (I lags V) Phasor Diagram: Series LCR (Inductive)

AC Circuit Elements — Quick Comparison Table

ParameterPure RPure LPure CSeries LCR at Resonance
ImpedanceRX_L = ωLX_C = 1/ωCZ = R
Phase φ+90° (V leads I)−90° (I leads V)
Power factor1001
Avg powerV_rms I_rms00V_rms2ms^{2}/R (max)
Frequency effectNoneX_L ↑ with fX_C ↓ with fI is maximum

Transformer Summary Table

TypeN ratioV ratioI ratioUse
Step-upN_s > N_pV_s > V_pI_s < I_pPower transmission (HV)
Step-downN_s < N_pV_s < V_pI_s > I_pHousehold supply, chargers
IdealAnyV_s/V_p = N_s/N_pI_p/I_s = N_s/N_pP_in = P_out

Critical Numbers for Standard Indian AC Supply

  • V_rms = 220 V; V0V_{0} = 220 × √2 ≈ 311 V; f = 50 Hz; ω = 2π×50 ≈ 314 rad/s
  • Transmission voltages: 11 kV, 33 kV, 132 kV, 220 kV, 400 kV (step-up)
  • Distribution: 415 V (3-phase industrial), 230 V (single-phase domestic)

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