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Part of INC-06 — General Principles & Processes of Isolation of Elements

Visual Guide — Mermaid Diagrams, Tables & LaTeX

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Metallurgy Process Flow

Ellingham Diagram Trend

Temperature ↑	$\Delta G$ ° for 2C + $O_{2}$ → 2CO	Carbon as Reductant
Low (< 700 °C)	Less negative	Weak reductant
Medium (~700 °C)	Crosses C + $O_{2}$ → $CO_{2}$	Moderate
High (> 900 °C)	Increasingly negative ↓	Strong reductant ↑

$\Delta G^\circ = \Delta H^\circ - T\Delta S^\circ \quad (\Delta S > 0 \Rightarrow \Delta G^\circ \downarrow \text{ as } T \uparrow)$

Concentration Method Selector

Ore Property	Method	Reagent/Tool
Heavy density	Hydraulic washing	Water stream
Magnetic	Magnetic separation	Magnetic roller
Hydrophobic sulphide	Froth flotation	Pine oil + air
Soluble complex	Leaching (NaCN)	NaCN + $O_{2}$
Amphoteric oxide	Leaching (NaOH)	Hot NaOH (Bayer's)

Refining Method Quick Reference

Method	Temperature	Gas/Reagent	Metals
Mond process	330–350 K (form) / 450–470 K (decomp)	CO	Ni
Van Arkel	~870 K (form) / ~1700 K (decomp)	$I_{2}$	Ti, Zr
Zone refining	Moving molten zone	—	Si, Ge
Electrolytic	Room to moderate	Metal salt electrolyte	Cu, Zn, Al

Blast Furnace Apparatus

Source: Wikimedia Commons — Blast furnace schematic showing charge, tuyeres, reduction zone, and tapping point.

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