Part of JPC-04 — Chemical Thermodynamics: Enthalpy, Entropy & Gibbs

Thermodynamic Relationships Summary

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Core equations: deltaUdelta_U = q + w (first law). H = U + PV. deltaHdelta_H = deltaUdelta_U + deltangasdelta_{ngas}RT. G = H - TS. deltaGdelta_G = deltaHdelta_H - TdeltaSdelta_S. delta_G_{standard} = -RT ln K = -nFEstandardnFE_{standard}. Process-specific work: free expansion w = 0; constant P: w = -PextP_{ext}deltaVdelta_V; reversible isothermal: w = -nRT lnV2V1\frac{V2}{V1}; adiabatic: w = nCvdeltaTdelta_T; isochoric: w = 0. Heat capacity: Cp - Cv = R (ideal gas). Entropy: deltaSdelta_S = qrevT\frac{q_rev}{T} = nR lnV2V1\frac{V2}{V1} for isothermal. Kirchhoff: deltaHdelta_H(T2) = deltaHdelta_H(T1) + deltaCpdelta_{Cp}(T2-T1). Hess's law: deltaHdelta_H = sum(deltaHfdelta_{Hf} products) - sum(deltaHfdelta_{Hf} reactants) = sum(BE broken) - sum(BE formed) = sum(deltaHcdelta_{Hc} reactants) - sum(deltaHcdelta_{Hc} products). Born-Haber: deltaHfdelta_{Hf} = delta_H_{sub} + IE + 1/2 D + EA - U. Trouton's rule: delta_S_{vap} ≈ 85-88 Jmol.K\frac{J}{mol.K}. Key values: R = 8.314 Jmol.K\frac{J}{mol.K}, 1 L.atm = 101.325 J, 1 cal = 4.184 J, F = 96485 C/mol.

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