word_count: 200

Core equations: delta_U = q + w (first law). H = U + PV. delta_H = delta_U + delta_ngasRT. G = H - TS. delta_G = delta_H - Tdelta_S. delta_G_standard = -RT ln K = -nFE_standard. Process-specific work: free expansion w = 0; constant P: w = -P_extdelta_V; reversible isothermal: w = -nRT ln(V2/V1); adiabatic: w = nCvdelta_T; isochoric: w = 0. Heat capacity: Cp - Cv = R (ideal gas). Entropy: delta_S = q_rev/T = nR ln(V2/V1) for isothermal. Kirchhoff: delta_H(T2) = delta_H(T1) + delta_Cp(T2-T1). Hess's law: delta_H = sum(delta_Hf products) - sum(delta_Hf reactants) = sum(BE broken) - sum(BE formed) = sum(delta_Hc reactants) - sum(delta_Hc products). Born-Haber: delta_Hf = delta_H_sub + IE + 1/2 D + EA - U. Trouton's rule: delta_S_vap ≈ 85-88 J/(mol.K). Key values: R = 8.314 J/(mol.K), 1 L.atm = 101.325 J, 1 cal = 4.184 J, F = 96485 C/mol.