Some Basic Concepts in Chemistry: Visual Guide

Mole Conversion Hub

Concentration Terms at a Glance

Term	Symbol	Formula	T-dep?	Use case
Molarity	M	mol / L solution	Yes	Titrations, labs
Molality	m	mol / kg solvent	No	Colligative properties
Mole Fraction	x	nᵢ / n_total	No	Vapour pressure, Raoult's Law
Normality	N	eq / L	Yes	Acid-base & redox titrations
Mass %	w%	(m_solute/m_soln) × 100	No	Simple composition
ppm	ppm	mg / kg	No	Trace analysis

Empirical Formula Flow

% composition → ÷ atomic mass → mole ratio → ÷ by min → whole-number ratio = EF
EF mass → n = Mr / EF mass → Molecular Formula = n × EF

SMILES Examples (organic context for EF/MF)

Glucose $C_{6}H_{12}O_{6}$ : SMILES: OC[C@H]1OC(O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]1O
Ethanoic acid $CH_{3}COOH$ : SMILES: CC(=O)O
Formaldehyde $CH_{2}O$ (empirical = molecular): SMILES: C=O

Laws Timeline

1789 ──── Conservation of Mass (Lavoisier)
1799 ──── Definite Proportions (Proust)
1803 ──── Multiple Proportions (Dalton)
1808 ──── Gaseous Volumes (Gay-Lussac)
1811 ──── Avogadro's Law