Solutions & Colligative Properties: 5-Point Rapid Revision

Henry's Law: p = K_H × x; K_H ↑ with temperature → gas solubility ↓ with temperature (carbonation, bends).
Raoult's Law: Positive deviation (ethanol + water) → min. boiling azeotrope; Negative deviation ( $CHCl_{3}$ + acetone) → max. boiling azeotrope; Ideal (benzene + toluene) → $\Delta H$ _mix = 0, $\Delta V$ _mix = 0.
Colligative properties: $\Delta P$ /P° = x_solute; $\Delta Tb$ = iKbm; $\Delta Tf$ = iKfm; π = iCRT. All depend on particle NUMBER; Kf(1.86) > Kb(0.52) for water.
Van't Hoff factor: Dissociation → i > 1 → i = 1+(n−1)α; Association (dimer) → i < 1 → i = 1−α/2; Association → apparent M > true M.
Applications: Antifreeze ( $\Delta Tf$ depression); Saline IV (isotonic, π match); Reverse osmosis (P_ext > π); Osmometry for protein molar mass (most sensitive colligative property).