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Part of ALG-03 — Sequences & Series (AP, GP, Special Series)

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  1. AP: a_n = a+(n-1)d -- use (n-1), not n
  2. GP: a_n = ar^(n-1), S = a(r^n-1)/(r-1)
  3. Infinite GP: S = a/(1-r), converges only if |r|<1
  4. sum(k) = n(n+1)/2
  5. sum(k^2) = n(n+1)(2n+1)/6
  6. sum(k^3) = [n(n+1)/2]^2 = [sum(k)]^2
  7. AM >= GM >= HM; equality iff all equal
  8. AM*HM = GM^2 for two positive numbers
  9. 1/(k(k+1)) = 1/k - 1/(k+1) -- telescoping
  10. AGP: use S-rS technique
  11. Three in AP: assume a-d, a, a+d (sum = 3a)
  12. Three in GP: assume a/r, a, ar (product = a^3)
  13. HP: convert to AP of reciprocals, no direct sum
  14. S_n = An^2+Bn => AP with d = 2A (no constant term!)
  15. a_n = S_n - S_(n-1) for n>=2; check a_1 = S_1
  16. k*k! = (k+1)!-k! -- telescoping identity
  17. Rationalize: 1/(sqrt(k)+sqrt(k+1)) = sqrt(k+1)-sqrt(k)
  18. x + k/x >= 2*sqrt(k) for x>0 (AM-GM)
  19. log converts GP to AP; exponential converts AP to GP
  20. Sum of first n odd numbers = n^2

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