Plant Kingdom — 5 Bullet Rapid Revision — Summary | NoteTube

Algae: Green (Chl a+b, starch) | Brown (Chl a+c, fucoxanthin, laminarin, algin) | Red (Chl a+d, phycoerythrin, floridean starch, AGAR from Gelidium/Gracilaria — NOT brown algae)
Bryophytes: Non-vascular, GAMETOPHYTE dominant, water for fertilization, sporophyte (foot+seta+capsule) dependent, Marchantia (gemma cups), Funaria (protonema)
Pteridophytes: First vascular plants, SPOROPHYTE dominant, prothallus (gametophyte), homosporous (most) vs heterosporous (Selaginella + Salvinia ONLY) → seed habit precursor
Gymnosperms: Naked seeds, pollen tube (no water for fertilization), no flowers/fruit; Pinus (monoecious), Cycas (dioecious, largest ovule, living fossil), Ginkgo (fan leaves, living fossil)
Angiosperms: Seeds in fruit, double fertilization (embryo 2n + endosperm 3n), 7-cell embryo sac; Monocots (1 cotyledon, parallel, fibrous, scattered VB, trimerous) vs Dicots (2 cotyledons, reticulate, tap root, ring VB, pentamerous)