Overview — Visual Summary with Diagrams — Summary | NoteTube

CB-02 Visual Overview — Biomolecules and Enzymes

Biomolecule Quick Reference Table

Biomolecule	Monomer	Key Bond	Primary Function	Key Example
Carbohydrates	Monosaccharides	Glycosidic (alpha or beta)	Energy, structure	Glucose (energy), Cellulose (structure)
Proteins	Amino acids (20 types)	Peptide bond	Enzyme, structure, transport	Haemoglobin (transport, $O_{2}$ )
Lipids	Fatty acids + glycerol	Ester bond	Energy storage, membranes	Triglycerides (storage), Phospholipids (membrane)
Nucleic Acids	Nucleotides	Phosphodiester bond	Genetic information	DNA (storage), RNA (expression)

Protein Structure Quick Visual

Primary → Secondary → Tertiary → Quaternary
(Peptide  (H-bonds   (R-group   (Multi-
 bonds)    backbone)  interactions) subunit)
 Insulin   Keratin     Myoglobin   Haemoglobin

Enzyme Inhibition Comparison

Substrate → [Active Site] → Product
                 ↑
           Competitive Inhibitor (Km↑, Vmax same)

Substrate → [Active Site] → Product (reduced)
                         ↑
          [Allosteric Site] ← Non-competitive Inhibitor (Km same, Vmax↓)

Polysaccharide Structure-Function

Polysaccharide	Linkage	Structure	Function	Organism
Starch (amylose)	Alpha-1,4	Linear, helical	Energy storage	Plants
Starch (amylopectin)	Alpha-1,4 + 1,6	Branched	Energy storage	Plants
Glycogen	Alpha-1,4 + 1,6	Highly branched	Energy storage	Animals
Cellulose	Beta-1,4	Linear, parallel chains	Cell wall structure	Plants
Chitin	Beta-1,4 (N-acetylglucosamine)	Linear, rigid	Cell wall / exoskeleton	Fungi, Arthropods

pH Optima for Digestive Enzymes

Enzyme	Optimum pH	Location
Pepsin	pH 2	Stomach
Trypsin	pH 8	Small intestine
Salivary amylase	pH 6.8-7.0	Mouth
Pancreatic amylase	pH 7-8	Small intestine