Apparatus Diagram 1: Resonance Tube
Air column Water level l_{1} Fork f Reservoir Resonance Tube: v = 2f(l_{2}−l_{1}) Closed at bottom Open at topInstruments Summary Table
| Instrument | LC | Reading Formula | What Measured | Key Error |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Vernier caliper | 0.02 mm | MSR + n×LC | External/internal diameter, depth | Zero error (PS-NA) |
| Screw gauge | 0.01 mm | MSR + CSR×LC | Wire diameter, sheet thickness | Backlash error |
Optics Sign Convention Table
| Optical Device | f sign | Real image v sign | Virtual image v sign |
|---|---|---|---|
| Concave mirror | Negative (f < 0) | Negative (v < 0) | Positive (v > 0) |
| Convex mirror | Positive (f > 0) | — (no real image) | Positive (v > 0) |
| Convex lens | Positive (f > 0) | Positive (v > 0) | Negative (v < 0) |
| Concave lens | Negative (f < 0) | — (no real image) | Negative (v < 0) |
Semiconductor Device Table
| Device | Threshold / Breakdown Voltage | Bias Condition for Operation | Application |
|---|---|---|---|
| Si p-n junction | V_th ≈ 0.7 V (forward) | Forward bias | Rectifier, switch |
| Ge p-n junction | V_th ≈ 0.3 V (forward) | Forward bias | Temperature sensor |
| Zener diode | V_Z (reverse breakdown) | Reverse bias | Voltage regulation |
| LED | V_th ≈ 1.5–3 V (forward) | Forward bias | Light indicator |
Dimensional Formulas Quick Table
| Quantity | Dimensional Formula | SI Unit |
|---|---|---|
| Young's modulus Y | [ML^{-1}$$T^{-2}] | Pa |
| Surface tension S | [M] | N/m |
| Viscosity η | [ML^{-1}$$T^{-1}] | Pa·s |
| Resistivity ρ | [ML^{3}$$T^{-3}$$A^{-2}] | ·m |