: 220
Key named reactions involving benzene: Kolbe-Schmitt (PhONa + CO2 → salicylic acid, ortho carboxylation of phenoxide), Reimer-Tiemann (PhOH + CHCl3/NaOH → salicylaldehyde, ortho formylation via dichlorocarbene), Gattermann-Koch (PhH + CO/HCl/AlCl3-CuCl → benzaldehyde, direct formylation), Wurtz-Fittig (ArX + RX + 2Na → ArR, cross-coupling), Fittig (2ArX + 2Na → Ar-Ar, aryl coupling), Clemmensen (RCOR' + Zn-Hg/HCl → RCH2R', acidic deoxygenation), Wolff-Kishner (RCOR' + NH2NH2/KOH → RCH2R', basic deoxygenation), Birch reduction (ArH + Na/NH3/EtOH → 1,4-cyclohexadiene, EDG: reduction avoids substituted C, EWG: reduction occurs at substituted C), Haworth synthesis (benzene → naphthalene derivative via FC acylation/reduction/cyclization/dehydrogenation). For phenol-specific: Kolbe-Schmitt and Reimer-Tiemann both give ortho products due to chelation with the metal cation or carbene approach geometry. Each reaction's conditions, electrophile, and regiochemistry should be memorized as a unit for rapid recall in JEE.