Key Points — 5-Bullet Rapid Revision — Summary | NoteTube

Carbohydrates: Alpha-glycosidic bonds = digestible storage (starch, glycogen); Beta-glycosidic bonds = indigestible structural (cellulose, chitin). Disaccharides: Sucrose (Glc+Fru), Lactose (Gal+Glc, milk), Maltose (Glc+Glc).
Proteins: 4 structural levels — Primary (peptide bonds), Secondary (H-bonds → alpha-helix/beta-sheet), Tertiary (disulphide/hydrophobic/ionic R-group bonds), Quaternary (haemoglobin: 4 subunits). Ribozyme = RNA, NOT protein.
Lipids & Nucleic Acids: Triglycerides (energy storage), Phospholipids (amphipathic, membrane bilayer). DNA: A-T (2 H-bonds), G-C (3 H-bonds); high GC = more stable. RNA: ribose + uracil.
Enzymes: Lower ACTIVATION ENERGY only (NOT $\Delta G$ , NOT equilibrium). Six classes (OTHLIL). Pepsin = pH 2; Trypsin = pH 8. Apoenzyme + Cofactor = Holoenzyme (N $AD^{+}$ = coenzyme from niacin; haem = prosthetic group).
Inhibition (Most Tested): Competitive: binds active site → Km increases, Vmax unchanged, OVERCOME by excess substrate (malonate example). Non-competitive: binds allosteric site → Km unchanged, Vmax DECREASES, CANNOT be overcome.