: 250
Aldol condensation: alpha-H carbonyl + base → beta-hydroxy carbonyl → dehydration → alpha,beta-unsaturated. Cannizzaro: no alpha-H aldehyde + conc. NaOH → alcohol + carboxylate salt. Claisen-Schmidt: ArCHO + ketone/dilute NaOH → alpha,beta-unsaturated ketone. Haloform: RCOCH3 + X2/NaOH → CHX3 + RCOONa. Claisen condensation: 2 esters/NaOEt → beta-keto ester. Dieckmann: intramolecular Claisen → cyclic beta-keto ester. Michael addition: enolate + alpha,beta-unsaturated C=O → 1,4-addition product. Robinson annulation: Michael + intramolecular aldol → cyclohexenone. Wittig: C=O + Ph3P=CHR → alkene. Perkin: ArCHO + (RCO)2O/RCOONa → alpha,beta-unsaturated acid. Benzoin: 2ArCHO + NaCN → alpha-hydroxy ketone. Knoevenagel: ArCHO + active methylene/weak base → alpha,beta-unsaturated product. Baeyer-Villiger: ketone + mCPBA → ester (O insertion). Beckmann: oxime + acid → amide (rearrangement). Clemmensen: C=O + Zn-Hg/HCl → CH2 (acidic). Wolff-Kishner: C=O + NH2NH2/KOH → CH2 (basic). Fischer esterification: RCOOH + R'OH/H+ → RCOOR'. HVZ: RCOOH + Br2/P → alpha-bromo acid. Hunsdiecker: RCOOAg + Br2 → RBr + CO2. Arndt-Eistert: RCOOH → RCH2COOH (homologation). Hofmann: RCONH2 + Br2/NaOH → RNH2 (degradation). Strecker: RCHO + NH3 + HCN → alpha-amino acid.