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Essential formulas: Vernier LC = 1 MSD - 1 VSD. Screw gauge LC = pitch/N. g = 4pi^2L/T^2. X = R(100-l)/l. E_1/E_2 = l_1/l_2. r = R(l_1/l_2 - 1). v = 2f(l_2-l_1). n = sin((A+D_m)/2)/sin(A/2). f = (D^2-d^2)/(4D). Y = FL/(ADelta_L). T = rhogrh/2. eta = 2r^2(rho_s-rho_l)g/(9v_t).

JEE strategy: (1) Always compute LC first and apply zero error. (2) For graph-based experiments (pendulum, Young's modulus), identify the correct plot and use slope. (3) Metre bridge: choose R to get null near 50 cm. (4) Potentiometer: remember it draws no current at null — this is the key advantage. (5) Resonance tube: use difference l_2-l_1 to eliminate end correction. (6) Prism: at minimum deviation, ray passes symmetrically. (7) Error propagation: highest power term dominates the error. (8) Know the formulas for percentage error in each experiment. (9) For semiconductor experiments, know I-V curve shapes for diode, LED, Zener, and transistor. (10) Always state final answers with correct significant figures.