• $summary_{type}$: revision
• $word_{count}$: 180

Essential formulas: Vernier LC = 1 MSD - 1 VSD. Screw gauge LC = $\frac{pitch}{N}$. g = 4*$pi^2$L/$T^2$. X = R$\frac{100-l}{l}$. $E_1$/$E_2$ = $\frac{l_1}{l_2}$. r = R($l_1$/$l_2$ - 1). v = 2f(l_{2-l}_1). n = sin$\frac{(A+D_m}{2}$)/sin$\frac{A}{2}$. f = $\frac{D^2-d^2}{(4D)}$. Y = $\frac{FL}{A*Delta_L}$. T = rhogrh/2. eta = 2$r^2$(rho_{s-rho}_l)$\frac{g}{9v_t}$.

JEE strategy: (1) Always compute LC first and apply zero error. (2) For graph-based experiments (pendulum, Young's modulus), identify the correct plot and use slope. (3) Metre bridge: choose R to get null near 50 cm. (4) Potentiometer: remember it draws no current at null — this is the key advantage. (5) Resonance tube: use difference l_{2-l}_1 to eliminate end correction. (6) Prism: at minimum deviation, ray passes symmetrically. (7) Error propagation: highest power term dominates the error. (8) Know the formulas for percentage error in each experiment. (9) For semiconductor experiments, know I-V curve shapes for diode, LED, Zener, and transistor. (10) Always state final answers with correct significant figures.