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Part of INC-02 — p-Block Elements: Groups 13-15

INC-02: p-Block Groups 13–15 — Visual Concept Overview

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Concept Architecture

The p-block Groups 13–15 can be visualised as three parallel pillars, each with characteristic bonding anomalies, industrial significance, and NEET-testable traps.

Key Properties Comparison

Feature	Group 13	Group 14	Group 15
Outer config	$ns^{2}$ $np^{1}$	$ns^{2}$ $np^{2}$	$ns^{2}$ $np^{3}$
Valence $e^{-}$	3	4	5
Common OS	+3	+4, +2	−3 to +5
Anomalous element	B (Lewis acid, covalent)	C (allotropy)	N (inert triple bond)
Top NEET concept	$H_{3}BO_{3}$ Lewis acid; $B_{2}H_{6}$ 3c-2e	2Mg + $CO_{2}$ ; graphite conductor	Haber/Ostwald; P-oxoacid basicity

Industrial Significance at a Glance

Process	Product	Catalyst	Temperature
Haber	$NH_{3}$	Fe (finely divided)	450°C, 200 atm
Ostwald Step 1	NO	Pt/Rh gauze	500°C
Ostwald Step 2	$NO_{2}$	None	Room temperature
Ostwald Step 3	$HNO_{3}$	None	—

Periodic Trends Down Groups 13–15

Trend	Group 13	Group 14	Group 15
Metallic character	↑ (B = nonmetal; Tl = metal)	↑ (C/Si nonmetal; Pb metal)	↑ (N gas; Bi metal)
Stability of lower OS	↑ (inert pair effect; Tl +1)	↑ (Pb +2 more stable than +4)	↑ (Bi +3 more stable)
Covalent → Ionic character	B→Tl increasingly ionic	C→Pb increasingly ionic	N→Bi increasingly ionic

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