Disease–Vector–Pathogen–Diagnosis Quick Reference
| Disease | Pathogen | Type | Vector / Route | Diagnosis |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Typhoid | Salmonella typhi | Bacterium | Contaminated food/water | Widal test |
| Pneumonia | S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae | Bacterium | Droplet inhalation | Chest X-ray, sputum culture |
| Common cold | Rhinovirus | Virus | Droplet/contact | Clinical |
| AIDS | HIV (retrovirus) | Virus | Sexual, blood, needles, vertical | ELISA → Western blot |
| Malaria | Plasmodium spp. | Protozoan | Female Anopheles | Blood smear |
| Amoebiasis | Entamoeba histolytica | Protozoan | Contaminated food/water | Stool microscopy |
| Ascariasis | Ascaris lumbricoides | Helminth | Contaminated soil/food | Stool examination |
| Filariasis | Wuchereria bancrofti | Helminth | Culex mosquito | Blood smear (microfilariae) |
Malaria Life Cycle in Humans
Active vs Passive Immunity at a Glance
| Feature | Active | Passive |
|---|---|---|
| Antibody source | Self-produced | Received externally |
| Onset | Slow (days–weeks) | Immediate |
| Duration | Long-lasting | Short-lived |
| Memory cells | Yes | No |
| Natural example | Post-infection recovery | IgG via placenta; IgA in colostrum |
| Artificial example | Vaccination | Antiserum injection |
Anatomy: Lymphatic Filariasis
Source: Elephantiasis — Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA)