Part of INC-03 — p-Block Elements: Groups 16-18

Groups 16-18: All NEET-Critical Reactions

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Contact Process

S+O2SO2\text{S} + \text{O}_2 \rightarrow \text{SO}_2 2SO2+O2V2O5450°C2SO32\text{SO}_2 + \text{O}_2 \underset{450°C}{\overset{\text{V}_2\text{O}_5}{\rightleftharpoons}} 2\text{SO}_3 SO3+H2SO4H2S2O7 (oleum)\text{SO}_3 + \text{H}_2\text{SO}_4 \rightarrow \text{H}_2\text{S}_2\text{O}_7 \text{ (oleum)} H2S2O7+H2O2H2SO4\text{H}_2\text{S}_2\text{O}_7 + \text{H}_2\text{O} \rightarrow 2\text{H}_2\text{SO}_4

H2SO4 as Oxidizing Agent (Hot, Conc.)

Cu+2H2SO4(hot, conc.)CuSO4+SO2+2H2O\text{Cu} + 2\text{H}_2\text{SO}_4\text{(hot, conc.)} \rightarrow \text{CuSO}_4 + \text{SO}_2\uparrow + 2\text{H}_2\text{O} S+2H2SO4(hot, conc.)3SO2+2H2O\text{S} + 2\text{H}_2\text{SO}_4\text{(hot, conc.)} \rightarrow 3\text{SO}_2 + 2\text{H}_2\text{O}

H2SO4 as Dehydrating Agent

C12H22O11H2SO412C+11H2O (charring of sugar)\text{C}_{12}\text{H}_{22}\text{O}_{11} \xrightarrow{\text{H}_2\text{SO}_4} 12\text{C} + 11\text{H}_2\text{O} \text{ (charring of sugar)} HCOOHH2SO4CO+H2O\text{HCOOH} \xrightarrow{\text{H}_2\text{SO}_4} \text{CO} + \text{H}_2\text{O}

Ozone Reactions

3O2silent electric discharge2O33\text{O}_2 \xrightarrow{\text{silent electric discharge}} 2\text{O}_3 O3+2KI+H2O2KOH+O2+I2 (KI-starch test, blue-black)\text{O}_3 + 2\text{KI} + \text{H}_2\text{O} \rightarrow 2\text{KOH} + \text{O}_2 + \text{I}_2 \text{ (KI-starch test, blue-black)} O3O2+[O] (nascent oxygen — oxidizing action)\text{O}_3 \rightarrow \text{O}_2 + [\text{O}] \text{ (nascent oxygen — oxidizing action)} PbS+4O3PbSO4+4O2 (black → white)\text{PbS} + 4\text{O}_3 \rightarrow \text{PbSO}_4 + 4\text{O}_2 \text{ (black → white)}

Xenon Hydrolysis

XeF2+H2OXe+2HF+12O2\text{XeF}_2 + \text{H}_2\text{O} \rightarrow \text{Xe} + 2\text{HF} + \tfrac{1}{2}\text{O}_2 6XeF4+12H2O4Xe+2XeO3+24HF+3O2 (disproportionation)6\text{XeF}_4 + 12\text{H}_2\text{O} \rightarrow 4\text{Xe} + 2\text{XeO}_3 + 24\text{HF} + 3\text{O}_2 \text{ (disproportionation)} XeF6+3H2OXeO3+6HF (XeO3 is explosive)\text{XeF}_6 + 3\text{H}_2\text{O} \rightarrow \text{XeO}_3 + 6\text{HF} \text{ (XeO}_3\text{ is explosive)}

Halogen Reactions

Ca(OH)2+Cl2CaOCl2+H2O (bleaching powder)\text{Ca(OH)}_2 + \text{Cl}_2 \rightarrow \text{CaOCl}_2 + \text{H}_2\text{O} \text{ (bleaching powder)} 4HF+SiO2SiF4+2H2O (glass etching)4\text{HF} + \text{SiO}_2 \rightarrow \text{SiF}_4\uparrow + 2\text{H}_2\text{O} \text{ (glass etching)} Cl2+2KBr2KCl+Br2 (halogen displacement)\text{Cl}_2 + 2\text{KBr} \rightarrow 2\text{KCl} + \text{Br}_2 \text{ (halogen displacement)}

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