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Part of GEN-02 — Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance, Sex Linkage & Genetic Disorders

GEN-02 Visual Reference — Diagrams, Charts and Structures

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Sex Determination Systems at a Glance

System	Organism	Female Genotype	Male Genotype	Heterogametic Sex	Who Determines Offspring Sex?
XX-XY	Humans, Drosophila, most mammals	XX	XY	Male	Father
XX-XO	Grasshopper, cockroach	XX	XO (one fewer chr.)	Male	Father
ZW-ZZ	Birds, butterflies, some fish	ZW	ZZ	Female	Mother

X-Linked Recessive Inheritance — Key Crosses

Cross	Affected daughters	Carrier daughters	Affected sons	Normal sons
$X^A$ $X^a$ × $X^A$ Y (carrier ♀ × normal ♂)	0%	50%	50%	50%
$X^A$ $X^a$ × $X^a$ Y (carrier ♀ × affected ♂)	50%	50%	50%	50%
$X^a$ $X^a$ × $X^A$ Y (affected ♀ × normal ♂)	0%	100%	100%	0%
$X^a$ $X^a$ × $X^a$ Y (affected ♀ × affected ♂)	100%	0%	100%	0%

Haemoglobin Structure and Sickle Cell Mutation

Haemoglobin Molecule

Sickle Cell Blood Smear

Non-Disjunction to Chromosomal Disorder — Flow

Chromosomal Disorder Phenotypes — Comparative Diagram

Feature	Down	Turner	Klinefelter	Super Female
Karyotype	47, +21	45, XO	47, XXY	47, XXX
Sex	M or F	F only	M only	F only
Height	Short	Short	Tall	Normal
Intellect	Impaired	Normal	Mild issues	Normal
Fertility	Usually infertile	Infertile	Reduced	Often fertile
Unique feature	Epicanthic folds	Webbed neck	Gynaecomastia	Often undiagnosed

Karyotype Reference

Human Male Karyotype

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