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Part of INC-06 — General Principles & Processes of Isolation of Elements

Essential NEET Facts — Must-Know Points

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  • Mineral vs Ore: Mineral = naturally occurring compound; Ore = economically extractable mineral (all ores are minerals, not all minerals are ores).
  • Bauxite = Al2O3Al_{2}O_{3}·2H2O2H_{2}O (oxide ore, aluminium); Haematite = Fe2O3Fe_{2}O_{3} (oxide, iron).
  • Copper pyrite = CuFeS2CuFeS_{2} (sulphide); Zinc blende = ZnS (sulphide); Galena = PbS (sulphide).
  • Calamine = ZnCO3ZnCO_{3}; Siderite = FeCO3FeCO_{3}; Cryolite = Na3AlF6Na_{3}AlF_{6}.
  • Froth flotation is used for sulphide ores; pine oil is the collector; sulphide particles are hydrophobic.
  • NaCN is a depressant in froth flotation: suppresses ZnS (forms Na2Na_{2}[Zn(CN)_{4}]) so only PbS floats.
  • Gold leaching: 4Au + 8NaCN + 2H2O2H_{2}O + O2O_{2} → 4Na[Au(CN)_{2}] + 4NaOH; Au recovered by Zn displacement.
  • Bayer's process: bauxite + hot NaOH → NaAlO2O_{2} (dissolves) → dilute → Al(OH)_{3} precipitate → calcine → Al2O3Al_{2}O_{3}.
  • Calcination = carbonates/hydrated ores + absent/limited air → oxide + CO2O_{2}/H2OH_{2}O.
  • Roasting = sulphide ores + excess air → oxide + SO2O_{2}.
  • Ellingham diagram: lower ΔG\Delta G° line = more stable oxide; lower line reduces higher.
  • 2C + O2O_{2} → 2CO line slopes downward because ΔS\Delta S > 0 (solid + gas → 2 gases). Carbon becomes a better reductant at higher temperatures.
  • Hall-Heroult process: Al2O3Al_{2}O_{3} dissolved in molten cryolite (~950 °C). Al deposited at cathode; carbon anodes are consumed (form CO2O_{2}).
  • Blister copper: ~98% pure; blisters caused by escaping SO2O_{2}; produced by self-reduction in Bessemer converter.
  • Electrolytic refining anode mud: contains less electropositive metals — Au and Ag.
  • Zone refining: used for Si, Ge; impurities concentrate in moving molten zone.
  • Mond process (Ni): formation at 330–350 K, decomposition at 450–470 K.
  • Van Arkel (Ti, Zr): TiI4TiI_{4} formed at ~870 K; decomposed on hot W filament at ~1700 K.
  • Flux: acidic gangue → basic flux (limestone); basic gangue → acidic flux (SiO2O_{2}).
  • Blast furnace iron: Fe2O3Fe_{2}O_{3} + 3CO → 2Fe + 3CO2O_{2}; CaO + SiO2O_{2} → CaSiO3CaSiO_{3} (slag).

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