The EM Spectrum — Complete Reference
← Decreasing frequency / Increasing wavelength Increasing frequency / Decreasing wavelength → Radio Microwave Infrared Visible UV X-rays Gamma 10^{3} Hz 10^{9} Hz 10^{12} Hz $4 \times 10^{14}$ $7.5 \times 10^{14}$ 10^{17} 10^{21} 10^{24} HzMaxwell's Equations at a Glance
| # | Name | Statement | Implication |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Gauss (E) | Flux = q_enc/ε_{0} | Charges are E field sources |
| 2 | Gauss (B) | Flux = 0 | No monopoles; B lines closed |
| 3 | Faraday | ∮E·dl = –dΦ_B/dt | Changing B → induced E |
| 4 | Ampere-Maxwell | ∮B·dl = μ_{0}(I_c + ε_{0}dΦ_E/dt) | Displacement current; EM waves |
EM Wave Properties Summary Table
| Property | Formula | Value/Description |
|---|---|---|
| Speed in vacuum | c = 1/√(μ_{0}ε_{0}) | m/s (universal) |
| Nature | — | Transverse |
| E–B orientation | E ⊥ B ⊥ propagation | Mutually perpendicular |
| E–B phase | — | In phase |
| Amplitude ratio | / | = c |
| Intensity | I = (1/2)ε_{0}c | W/ |
| Momentum (abs) | p = U/c | kg·m/s |
| Momentum (refl) | p = 2U/c | kg·m/s |