• $summary_{type}$: application
• $word_{count}$: 150

Galvanometer resistance (half-deflection method): connect G in series with high resistance R and a cell. Note deflection theta. Add shunt S in parallel with G to get theta/2. At half deflection: I doubles (total), but through G it halves. Analysis: G*$I_G$ = S*$I_S$, and $I_G$' = $I_G$/2 while $I_S$' = I - $I_G$/2. Approximation: G ≈ S when R >> G (which is usually true since R ~ kohm, G ~ ohm). Exact formula: G = $\frac{RS}{R-S}$. Specific heat by method of mixtures: $m_s$$c_s$($T_{hot}$ - $T_{final}$) = ($m_w$$c_w$ + W)($T_{final}$ - $T_{cold}$), where W is the water equivalent of the calorimeter. Minimize heat loss: use insulated calorimeter, stir continuously, work quickly. The temperature should be measured just before and after mixing. Radiation corrections improve accuracy for precise measurements.