Rotational motion extends Newton's laws from point particles to rigid bodies. The key quantity is moment of inertia (I = sum($m_i$ * $r_i^2$)), which depends on both mass distribution and axis of rotation. Standard results: rod about centre $ML^2$/12, disc $MR^2$/2, solid sphere \frac{2}{5}$$MR^2, ring $MR^2$.

The parallel axis theorem (I = $I_{cm}$ + $Md^2$) shifts axes; the perpendicular axis theorem ($I_z$ = $I_x$ + $I_y$) applies to 2D bodies only. Torque (tau = r x F) is the rotational analogue of force, obeying tau = Ialpha. Angular momentum (L = Iomega) is conserved when external torque is zero.

Rolling without slipping combines translation and rotation: $v_{cm}$ = Romega. Total KE = \frac{1}{2}$$Mv^2(1 + $k^2$/$R^2$). On an incline, acceleration a = gsin$\frac{theta}{(1 + k^2/R^2)}$, making the solid sphere fastest and ring slowest.

Key problem-solving approach: identify axis, compute MOI, apply tau = I*alpha or energy conservation, and use rolling constraints.