Biotechnology: Principles & Processes — Visual Guide — Summary

PCR Thermal Cycling Process

Recombinant DNA Construction Process

Gel Electrophoresis — Structure and Anatomy

Gel electrophoresis setup showing DNA migration from wells toward anode

Gel electrophoresis apparatus. DNA (negatively charged) migrates from the wells $\frac{top}{cathode end}$ toward the anode $\frac{bottom}{positive end}$ . Smaller fragments travel farther. Image: Wikipedia / public domain.

Vector Comparison at a Glance

Property	pBR322	Ti Plasmid	Lambda Phage
Host	E. coli	Plant cells	E. coli
Selectable markers	ampR + tetR	T-DNA integration	Plaque morphology
Max insert size	~10 kb	Variable	~23 kb
Selection method	Insertional inactivation	Tumor/opine synthesis	Plaque morphology
Special use	Bacterial cloning	Transgenic plants	Large gene libraries