| Data Point | Value | Context |
|---|---|---|
| Insulin A chain length | 21 amino acids | Produced separately in E. coli by Eli Lilly |
| Insulin B chain length | 30 amino acids | Produced separately in E. coli by Eli Lilly |
| Year of first recombinant insulin | 1983 | Eli Lilly — brand name Humulin |
| Number of cry genes in Bt cotton | 2 (cry1Ac + cry2Ab) | Targets cotton bollworm (Lepidoptera) |
| Number of cry genes in Bt corn | 1 (cry1Ab) | Targets European corn borer (Lepidoptera) |
| First gene therapy disease | ADA deficiency (SCID) | Retroviral vector delivery to lymphocytes |
| GEAC full form | Genetic Engineering Approval Committee | India's GMO regulatory body |
| RNAi pest target in tobacco | Meloidogyne incognita | Root-knot nematode; dsRNA silences its genes |
| Golden Rice nutrient | Beta-carotene (provitamin A) | Expressed in the rice endosperm |
| First commercial GM food | Flavr Savr tomato | Antisense polygalacturonase; FDA approved 1994 |
| Rosie's contribution | Human alpha-lactalbumin in milk | First transgenic cow |
| Transgenic sheep product | Alpha-1-antitrypsin in milk | Treatment for hereditary emphysema |
| Biopiracy: turmeric case | University of Mississippi patent revoked | India proved prior traditional use |
| Biopiracy: basmati case | RiceTec (USA) — claims narrowed | Indian challenge partially successful |
| Biopiracy: neem case | European company — patent revoked | Antifungal properties of neem |
Memory anchor numbers:
- Insulin: 21 + 30 (A + B chains)
- Bt cotton: 2 cry genes; Bt corn: 1 cry gene
- Year: 1983 (recombinant insulin), 1994 (Flavr Savr)
- ADA deficiency = SCID (Severe Combined Immunodeficiency)