5 Must-Know Facts for INC-06

Froth flotation concentrates sulphide ores using pine oil; NaCN depresses ZnS so PbS floats selectively.
Ellingham diagram: the 2C + $O_{2}$ → 2CO line slopes downward ( $\Delta S$ > 0), making carbon a stronger reductant with increasing temperature.
Hall-Heroult: cryolite ( $Na_{3}AlF_{6}$ ) lowers $Al_{2}O_{3}$ melting point to ~950 °C; carbon anodes are consumed by $O^{2-}$ forming C $O_{2}$ .
Blister copper (~98% pure) is produced by self-reduction in the Bessemer converter; electrolytic refining yields anode mud containing Au and Ag.
Refining shortcuts: Si/Ge → zone refining; Ni → Mond process (CO); Ti/Zr → Van Arkel method ( $I_{2}$ ).