Young's modulus is defined for:

Which elastic modulus is applicable to all three states of matter?

Shear modulus of an ideal liquid is:

The bulk modulus of a gas at constant temperature is:

A steel wire (Y = 200 GPa) and a copper wire (Y = 120 GPa) of same length and same area are pulled by the same force. The ratio of their elongations (steel:copper) is: <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 400 150" style="max-width:400px;width:100%;height:auto;background:#faf9f5;border-radius:12px;border:1px solid rgba(20,20,19,0.10)"> <title>Two wires — same force, different Y — compare elongations</title> <defs><marker id="ah-q034-08" markerWidth="8" markerHeight="6" refX="8" refY="3" orient="auto"><polygon points="0,0 8,3 0,6" fill="#c6613f"/></marker></defs> <!-- Steel wire --> <rect x="30" y="25" width="8" height="20" fill="#14140f"/> <rect x="38" y="30" width="180" height="10" rx="2" fill="#faf9f5" stroke="#14140f" stroke-width="1.5"/> <rect x="218" y="30" width="15" height="10" rx="2" fill="#faf9f5" stroke="#c6613f" stroke-width="1.5" stroke-dasharray="4,3"/> <line x1="233" y1="35" x2="273" y2="35" stroke="#c6613f" stroke-width="2" marker-end="url(#ah-q034-08)"/> <text x="280" y="39" font-size="10" fill="#c6613f" font-family="sans-serif">F</text> <text x="140" y="25" text-anchor="middle" font-size="10" fill="#14140f" font-family="sans-serif">Steel: Y = 200 GPa</text> <text x="226" y="25" font-size="9" fill="#c6613f" font-family="sans-serif">$\Delta$$L_{1}$</text> <!-- Copper wire --> <rect x="30" y="70" width="8" height="20" fill="#14140f"/> <rect x="38" y="75" width="180" height="10" rx="2" fill="#faf9f5" stroke="#788c5d" stroke-width="1.5"/> <rect x="218" y="75" width="25" height="10" rx="2" fill="#faf9f5" stroke="#c6613f" stroke-width="1.5" stroke-dasharray="4,3"/> <line x1="243" y1="80" x2="273" y2="80" stroke="#c6613f" stroke-width="2" marker-end="url(#ah-q034-08)"/> <text x="280" y="84" font-size="10" fill="#c6613f" font-family="sans-serif">F</text> <text x="140" y="70" text-anchor="middle" font-size="10" fill="#788c5d" font-family="sans-serif">Copper: Y = 120 GPa</text> <text x="230" y="70" font-size="9" fill="#c6613f" font-family="sans-serif">$\Delta$$L_{2}$</text> <!-- Formula --> <text x="200" y="115" text-anchor="middle" font-size="12" font-weight="700" fill="#14140f" font-family="sans-serif">$\Delta L$ ∝ 1/Y → $\Delta$$L_{1}$:$\Delta$$L_{2}$ = $Y_{2}$:$Y_{1}$</text> <text x="200" y="135" text-anchor="middle" font-size="11" fill="#788c5d" font-family="sans-serif">= 120:200 = 3:5</text> </svg>