**Assertion (A):** The pyramid of energy is always upright in all ecosystems without any exception. **Reason (R):** Energy transfer between trophic levels is governed by the Second Law of Thermodynamics, which mandates that useful energy always decreases with each transfer.

**Assertion (A):** Lichens are considered pioneer species in xerosere (primary succession on bare rock). **Reason (R):** Lichens can survive extreme conditions (desiccation, UV radiation, temperature extremes) and secrete acids that chemically weather rock, contributing to soil formation.

**Assertion (A):** Brood parasitism by cuckoos in crow's nests is classified as parasitism. **Reason (R):** In brood parasitism, the cuckoo (parasite) benefits by having its offspring raised by another species (host), while the crow (host) is harmed by expending energy raising a foreign chick.

**Assertion (A):** In cold, waterlogged (anaerobic) soils, organic matter accumulates and forms peat deposits. **Reason (R):** Cold temperatures and anaerobic conditions severely inhibit microbial decomposition, causing organic matter to accumulate faster than it decomposes.

An energy flow diagram shows: Sun → Producers (10,000 kJ) → Herbivores (?) → Carnivores (?). Arrows labeled "heat" show energy leaving at each level. What values fill the blanks?