**Assertion (A):** In Funaria (moss), the sporophyte is a parasite on the gametophyte. **Reason (R):** The sporophyte of Funaria lacks chlorophyll entirely and absorbs all nutrients from the gametophyte through the foot.

**Assertion (A):** Heterospory in Selaginella is considered evolutionarily significant because it represents a precursor to the seed habit. **Reason (R):** In Selaginella, the megaspore is retained within the megasporangium, and the female gametophyte develops inside the megaspore (endosporic development) — directly paralleling seed development in gymnosperms.

**Assertion (A):** Both gymnosperms and angiosperms do not require water for fertilization. **Reason (R):** Both gymnosperms and angiosperms develop pollen tubes that deliver sperm directly to the egg, eliminating the need for flagellated, swimming sperm.

**Assertion (A):** Double fertilization results in the formation of a triploid (3n) endosperm in angiosperms. **Reason (R):** During double fertilization, one sperm (n) fuses with the egg (n) to give zygote (2n) while another sperm (n) fuses with two polar nuclei (each n) to give primary endosperm nucleus (3n).

**Assertion (A):** Agar is commercially obtained from red algae belonging to genera Gelidium and Gracilaria. **Reason (R):** Red algae store floridean starch, and agar is derived directly from the hydrolysis of this floridean starch.