Part of JWAVE-02 — Waves: Standing Waves, Beats & Doppler Effect

Vibrations of a Stretched String

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For a string fixed at both ends (length LL): boundary condition requires nodes at both ends. L=nλ/2λn=2L/nL = n\lambda/2 \Rightarrow \lambda_n = 2L/n and fn=nv/(2L)=(n/(2L))T/μf_n = nv/(2L) = (n/(2L))\sqrt{T/\mu}. The fundamental (n=1n = 1): f1=v/(2L)f_1 = v/(2L). Overtones: f2=2f1f_2 = 2f_1 (first overtone = second harmonic), f3=3f1f_3 = 3f_1, etc. All harmonics are present. Laws of vibrating strings: f1/Lf \propto 1/L (length), fTf \propto \sqrt{T} (tension), f1/μf \propto 1/\sqrt{\mu} (mass per length).

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