Trap 1: Potato vs. Sweet Potato

• WRONG: "Potato is a root because it grows underground"
• CORRECT: Potato = STEM tuber (has eyes = axillary buds, nodes, internodes, turns green in light)
• CORRECT: Sweet potato = ROOT (tuberous adventitious root — no buds, no nodes)

Trap 2: Sieve Tube Status

• WRONG: "Sieve tubes are dead like xylem vessels"
• CORRECT: Sieve tubes are LIVING but ENUCLEATED (lost nucleus at maturity)
• WRONG: "Companion cells are enucleated"
• CORRECT: Companion cells are LIVING and NUCLEATED (they support sieve tubes)

Trap 3: Tetradynamous vs. Tetramerous

• WRONG: Confusing "tetradynamous" (4 long + 2 short stamens) with "tetramerous" (4 parts per whorl)
• CORRECT: Tetradynamous (6 stamens: 4+2) = BRASSICACEAE only
• CORRECT: Tetramerous (4 sepals, 4 petals, etc.) = general term, NOT stamen-specific

Trap 4: Passiflora vs. Pea Tendrils

• WRONG: "All plant tendrils are leaf modifications"
• CORRECT: Pea tendrils = LEAFLET modifications (leaf); Passiflora tendrils = STEM modifications (axillary)

Trap 5: Siliqua vs. Silicua Confusion

• CORRECT: Siliqua = elongated (mustard); Silicula = short and broad (Capsella). Both have REPLUM.

Trap 6: Caryopsis vs. Cypsela

• Caryopsis: Poaceae, pericarp FUSED to seed coat, NO pappus
• Cypsela: Asteraceae, dry pericarp NOT fused to seed coat, pappus PRESENT, inferior ovary

Trap 7: Free Central vs. Basal Placentation

• Free Central: Multiple ovules on a free column, unilocular (Dianthus)
• Basal: ONE ovule at the base, unilocular (sunflower, Asteraceae; wheat, Poaceae)

Trap 8: Fabaceae Stamen Count

• Diadelphous in Fabaceae = (9+1) = 10 TOTAL stamens (NOT 6, not 9)
• Tetradynamous in Brassicaceae = (4+2) = 6 TOTAL stamens