CL-04 Complete Chapter Summary — Key Facts Only
ROOTS:
- Tap root system → Dicots; Fibrous system → Monocots
- Modifications: Conical (carrot), Fusiform (radish), Napiform (turnip), Tuberous adventitious (sweet potato)
- Prop (banyan, from branches) → Stilt (maize, from lower nodes) → Pneumatophore (mangrove, upward)
STEMS:
- Underground: Rhizome (ginger), Tuber (potato — has eyes/buds), Bulb (onion), Corm (Colocasia)
- Subaerial: Runner (Cynodon), Stolon (Fragaria), Offset (Eichhornia), Sucker (Chrysanthemum)
- Aerial: Tendril (Passiflora), Thorn (Bougainvillea), Phylloclade (Opuntia)
LEAVES:
- Tendrils (pea), Spines (cactus), Pitcher (Nepenthes), Bladder (Utricularia), Phyllode (Acacia)
- Reticulate venation = Dicots; Parallel = Monocots
- Phyllotaxy: Alternate (Hibiscus), Opposite (Guava), Whorled (Nerium)
INFLORESCENCE:
- Racemose (indefinite, base→apex): Raceme, Spike, Spadix, Umbel, Capitulum
- Cymose (definite, apex oldest): Monochasial, Dichasial, Polychasial
AESTIVATION:
- Valvate (touching), Twisted (one-side overlap), Imbricate (irregular), Vexillary (Fabaceae)
PLACENTATION:
- Marginal (pea), Axile (tomato), Parietal (mustard+replum), Free central (Dianthus), Basal (sunflower)
FRUITS:
- Simple: Drupe (mango), Berry (tomato), Capsule (cotton)
- Aggregate: Etaerio (Polyalthia, Fragaria)
- Multiple: Sorosis (pineapple), Syconus (fig)
SEEDS:
- Dicot: 2 cotyledons, testa+tegmen, radicle/hypocotyl/plumule/epicotyl
- Monocot: 1 scutellum, coleoptile (covers plumule), coleorhiza (covers radicle), large endosperm, caryopsis
7 FAMILIES:
- Fabaceae: % vexillary (9+1) marginal legume
- Solanaceae: ⊕ 5-epipetalous axile berry
- Liliaceae: ⊕ trimerous 6-tepals axile
- Malvaceae: ⊕ epicalyx monadelphous axile
- Brassicaceae: ⊕ cruciform tetradynamous parietal siliqua
- Asteraceae: capitulum syngenesious inferior basal cypsela+pappus
- Poaceae: lodicules versatile feathery-stigma basal caryopsis
TISSUES:
- Parenchyma: living, cellulose, storage
- Collenchyma: living, pectin-corners, flexible
- Sclerenchyma: DEAD, lignin, rigid (fibres + sclereids)
- Xylem: vessels+tracheids+fibres (dead) + parenchyma (LIVING)
- Phloem: sieve tubes (living-enucleated) + companion cells (living-nucleated) + fibres (dead) + parenchyma (living)
ANATOMY:
- Dicot root: 2-4 XY bundles, cambium present, small pith, radial arrangement
- Monocot root: polyarch XY, no cambium, large pith, radial arrangement
- Dicot stem: VBs in ring, open (cambium), medullary rays, clear pith+cortex
- Monocot stem: VBs scattered, closed (no cambium), no medullary rays
- Dicot leaf: dorsiventral, palisade (top) + spongy (bottom), mostly lower-surface stomata
- Monocot leaf: isobilateral, undifferentiated mesophyll, bulliform cells upper epidermis, equal stomata both surfaces