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Part of JOC-01 — GOC: Hybridization, Isomerism & Effects (I, M, H, R)

sp3, sp2, sp Hybridization — Quick Rules

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  • sp3: 4 sigma bonds/lone pairs, tetrahedral (109.5 degrees). Examples: CH4, NH3 (107 degrees due to lp-bp repulsion), H2O (104.5 degrees).
  • sp2: 3 sigma bonds/lone pairs + 1 pi bond, trigonal planar (120 degrees). Examples: C2H4, BF3, carbocations.
  • sp: 2 sigma bonds/lone pairs + 2 pi bonds, linear (180 degrees). Examples: C2H2, CO2, HCN.
  • Shortcut formula: Hybridization = 12\frac{1}{2}(V + M - C + A). For neutral CH4: 4+42\frac{4+4}{2} = 4 = sp3. For BF3: 3+32\frac{3+3}{2} = 3 = sp2.
  • Lone pairs DO count as hybrid orbitals: NH3 is sp3 (not sp2), even though geometry is pyramidal.

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