Dicot Seed $\frac{Gram}{Chickpea}$:

Parts of embryo axis:

• Radicle → gives rise to primary root
• Hypocotyl → connects radicle to cotyledons (below cotyledon)
• Epicotyl → connects plumule to cotyledons (above cotyledon)
• Plumule → gives rise to shoot
• Cotyledons (2) → store food (endosperm usually absorbed)
• Seed coat: Testa (outer, hard) + Tegmen (inner, thin)
• Micropyle → small pore for water absorption during germination

Monocot Seed (Maize/Corn grain = Caryopsis):

Parts:

• Scutellum = single cotyledon (shield-shaped, secretes enzymes, absorbs nutrients)
• Coleoptile = sheath covering plumule (emerges first in germination)
• Coleorhiza = sheath covering radicle (does not elongate significantly)
• Endosperm = large, primary food reserve (starch + protein)
• Aleurone layer = protein-rich outer layer of endosperm (secretes amylase after germination signal)
• Pericarp fused to testa = caryopsis (cannot separate)

Germination Process $\frac{Monocot}{Maize}$: