Chapter CL-04 — 60-Second Review Points:
Root Modifications (3 minutes):
- Tap root = Dicot; Fibrous = Monocot
- Carrot = conical tap root; Radish = fusiform tap root; Turnip = napiform
- Sweet potato = tuberous adventitious ROOT (no buds)
- Prop roots (banyan from branches) vs. Stilt roots (maize from lower nodes)
- Pneumatophores (Rhizophora, grow upward, gas exchange)
Stem Modifications (3 minutes):
- Potato = STEM tuber (eyes = buds); Ginger = rhizome; Onion = bulb; Colocasia = corm
- Runner (Cynodon), Stolon (Fragaria), Offset (Eichhornia), Sucker (Chrysanthemum) = subaerial
- Passiflora tendril = stem; Bougainvillea thorn = stem; Opuntia phylloclade = stem
Families (10 minutes):
- Fabaceae: Zygomorphic, vexillary, diadelphous (9+1), marginal, legume
- Solanaceae: Actinomorphic, 5 epipetalous, bicarpellary, axile, berry/capsule
- Liliaceae: Actinomorphic, trimerous (6 tepals, 6 stamens), tricarpellary, axile
- Malvaceae: Actinomorphic, epicalyx, monadelphous, multicarpellary, axile, capsule
- Brassicaceae: Actinomorphic, cruciform 4 petals, tetradynamous (4+2), parietal, siliqua/silicula
- Asteraceae: Capitulum, ray+disc florets, syngenesious, bicarpellary inferior, basal, cypsela+pappus
- Poaceae: Lodicules, 3 versatile stamens, feathery stigma, monocarpellary, basal, caryopsis
Tissues (5 minutes):
- Collenchyma = living, pectin corners, flexible
- Sclerenchyma = DEAD, lignin, rigid (fibres + sclereids)
- Xylem: vessels + tracheids + fibres (all dead) + parenchyma (LIVING)
- Phloem: sieve tubes (living, no nucleus) + companion cells (living, nucleated) + fibres (DEAD) + parenchyma (living)
Anatomy (5 minutes):
- Dicot root: 2-4 xylem, cambium present, small pith
- Monocot root: polyarch xylem, no cambium, large pith
- Dicot stem: VBs in ring, open (cambium), medullary rays, pith distinct
- Monocot stem: VBs scattered, closed (no cambium), no medullary rays
- Dicot leaf: dorsiventral (palisade + spongy), mostly lower surface stomata
- Monocot leaf: isobilateral, undifferentiated mesophyll, bulliform cells, equal stomata both sides