Group 13 Reactions

Diborane hydrolysis: $B_2H_6 + 6H_2O \rightarrow 2H_3BO_3 + 6H_2$

Boric acid Lewis acid reaction: $H_3BO_3 + H_2O \rightarrow [B(OH)_4]^- + H^+$

Borax in water (alkaline hydrolysis): $Na_2B_4O_7 + 7H_2O \rightarrow 2NaOH + 4H_3BO_3$

Borax bead test (general): $Na_2B_4O_7 \xrightarrow{\Delta} 2NaBO_2 + B_2O_3$ $B_2O_3 + MO \rightarrow M(BO_2)_2 \text{ (coloured metaborate)}$

Group 14 Reactions

Magnesium burns in $CO_{2}$: $2Mg + CO_2 \rightarrow 2MgO + C$

Carbon dioxide is an acidic oxide: $CO_2 + H_2O \rightarrow H_2CO_3$ $CO_2 + 2NaOH \rightarrow Na_2CO_3 + H_2O$

Group 15 — Haber Process

$N_2 + 3H_2 \underset{450°C,\, 200\, atm}{\overset{Fe}{\rightleftharpoons}} 2NH_3 \qquad \Delta H = -92\, kJ/mol$

Group 15 — Ostwald Process

Step 1: $4NH_3 + 5O_2 \xrightarrow{Pt/Rh,\, 500°C} 4NO + 6H_2O$

Step 2: $2NO + O_2 \rightarrow 2NO_2 \qquad (\text{room temperature, no catalyst})$

Step 3: $3NO_2 + H_2O \rightarrow 2HNO_3 + NO$

Phosphorus Oxoacid Basicity (Formal Rule)

$\text{Basicity} = \text{Number of } P\text{-}OH \text{ bonds}$

$H_3PO_2:\; 1\; P\text{-}OH \rightarrow \text{Monobasic}$ $H_3PO_3:\; 2\; P\text{-}OH \rightarrow \text{Dibasic}$ $H_3PO_4:\; 3\; P\text{-}OH \rightarrow \text{Tribasic}$

$N_{2}O_{5}$ as Anhydride of $HNO_{3}$:

$N_2O_5 + H_2O \rightarrow 2HNO_3$

$N_{2}O_{3}$ as Anhydride of $HNO_{2}$:

$N_2O_3 + H_2O \rightarrow 2HNO_2$