Part of OC-02 — Hydrocarbons: Alkanes, Alkenes & Alkynes

Rapid Revision Cheat Sheet

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OC-02 — Complete Cheat Sheet (Exam Day Ready)

Hydrocarbon Formulas

ClassFormulaExampleSMILES
AlkaneCₙH2H_{2}ₙ₊_{2}EthaneCC
AlkeneCₙH2H_{2}PropeneCC=C
AlkyneCₙH2H_{2}ₙ₋_{2}But-2-yneCC#CC

Butane Conformations (Decreasing Stability)

ConformationDihedralEnergy Above AntiMnemonic Letter
Anti180°0 kJ/molA
Gauche60°~3.8 kJ/molG
Eclipsed120°~16 kJ/molE
Fully eclipsed~19 kJ/molF

Mnemonic: "A Gentle Evening Falls"

Free Radical Halogenation Summary

Initiation: $X_{2}$ --[UV/Δ\Delta]--> 2X•

Propagation: R–H + X•R• + HX then R• + $X_{2}$R–X + X•

Termination: R• + R•R–R

Selectivity: 3° > 2° > 1° H | Halogen selectivity: Br2Br_{2} >> Cl2Cl_{2} > F2F_{2}

Addition Reactions of Alkenes

ReagentConditionRuleProduct from Propene
HBrNo peroxideMarkovnikov2-bromopropane CC(Br)C
HBr+ ROOR (peroxide)Anti-Markovnikov1-bromopropane CCCBr
H2H_{2}ODil. H_{2}$$SO_{4}MarkovnikovPropan-2-ol
Br2Br_{2}CCl4CCl_{4}Anti-additionVicinal dihalide
O3O_{3}/Zn/H2H_{2}OReductiveC=C cleavageAldehydes + Ketones

KEY RULE: Anti-Markovnikov = ONLY HBr + peroxide. HCl and HI do NOT work.

Alkyne Reduction

ReagentAddition TypeProduct Geometry
H2H_{2} / Lindlar's (Pd/CaCO3O_{3} + Pb(OAc)_{2} + quinoline)Syncis-alkene (Z)
Na / liq. NH3NH_{3} (Birch-type)Antitrans-alkene (E)
H2H_{2} / Pd–C (excess)Syn → completeAlkane

Mnemonic: "Lindlar = cis (L for 'sis'). Na/NH3NH_{3} = trans (N for opposite)"

Alkyne Acidity

Hybridization% s-characterExamplepKaReaction with NaNH2H_{2}?
sp50%Ethyne C#C~25YES → acetylide
sp2sp^{2}33.3%Ethene C=C~44NO
sp3sp^{3}25%Ethane CC~50NO

KEY RULE: More s-character = More electronegative carbon = More acidic C–H

Top 3 NEET Trap Answers

  1. "Anti-Markovnikov works with HCl and HBr" → WRONG. Only HBr.
  2. "Lindlar's gives trans-alkene" → WRONG. Lindlar's = cis. Na/NH3NH_{3} = trans.
  3. "Gauche is least stable butane conformation" → WRONG. Fully eclipsed (0°) is least stable.

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