Open pipe: antinodes at both ends. , so . Fundamental: . All harmonics present — same formula as a string fixed at both ends. The open pipe produces a richer sound than a closed pipe because both even and odd harmonics are present. An open pipe of length has the same fundamental frequency as a string of the same length with the same wave speed.
Part of JWAVE-02 — Waves: Standing Waves, Beats & Doppler Effect
Open Pipe Harmonics
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