Part of PC-01 — Some Basic Concepts in Chemistry

Molarity vs Molality vs Mole Fraction — Comparison

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FeatureMolarity (M)Molality (m)Mole Fraction (x)
Definitionmol solute / L solutionmol solute / kg solventnᵢ / ntotaln_{total}
Unitsmol/L (M)mol/kgDimensionless
Temperature dependent?Yes (volume changes)No (mass constant)No (mass constant)
Denominator refers toSolution (solute + solvent)Solvent onlyAll components
NEET use caseTitrations, lab calculationsColligative propertiesVapour pressure problems
Increases with temperature?Decreases (solution expands)No changeNo change
Formula from mass%M = (1000 × d × w%) / (MrM_r × 100)m = (1000 × w%) / (MrM_r × (100−w%))x = (w%/MrM_r) / \frac{w%/M_r + (100−w%}{M_solvent})

Additional comparison — Normality vs Molarity:

FeatureNormality (N)Molarity (M)
Based onEquivalentsMoles
FormulaN = M × n-factorM = molL\frac{mol}{L}
Reaction-specific?Yes (n-factor changes)No
Example: H2SO4H_{2}SO_{4}N = 2M (neutralisation)M = 1M

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