Mnemonic 1: Hardy-Weinberg Five Conditions

"MuMi NaSe LaPo RaMa"

• Mutation absent
• Migration absent
• Natural Selection absent
• Large Population
• Random Mating

Alternative: "My Mate Never Selects Randomly in Large populations"

• Mutation → No
• Migration → No
• Natural Selection → No
• Random mating → Yes
• Large population → Yes

Mnemonic 2: Human Evolution Order

"Don't Rush, Australians Have Eaten Sausages"

• Dryopithecus (15 mya, ape-like)
• Ramapithecus (14 mya, more erect)
• Australopithecus (5 mya, first biped)
• Homo habilis (2 mya, first tools)
• Erectus — Homo erectus (1.5 mya, fire)
• Sapiens — Homo sapiens (0.2 mya, modern)

Mnemonic 3: Homologous vs Analogous

"HOMO-logous = HOMO-geneous Origin" → Same origin, different function "ANA-logous = ANA-logy" → Similar function, different origin (like a metaphor — similar meaning, different words)

Mnemonic 4: Types of Natural Selection

"SDD" with bell curve shapes:

• Stabilizing → Shrinks the curve (narrows it)
• Directional → Drifts the curve to one side (shifts mean)
• Disruptive → Divides the curve (two peaks)

Mnemonic 5: Miller-Urey Gases

"CH4 + NH3 + H2 + H2O = AMINO"

• CH4 = Carbon source
• NH3 = Nitrogen source
• H2 = Hydrogen gas
• H2O = Water (ocean simulation)
• AMINO acids = product

Mnemonic 6: Hardy-Weinberg Equation

(p + q)^{2} = 1 → expand → $p^{2}$ + 2pq + $q^{2}$ = 1 Think of it as squaring the sum of frequencies — like a Punnett square for an entire population.