Mnemonic 1: Algae Chlorophylls — "Green has B, Brown has C, Red has D"

• Green = Chl B (Chlorophyceae has Chl b)
• Brown = Chl C + Carotene (Fucoxanthin) (Phaeophyceae has Chl c + fucoxanthin)
• Red = Chl D + Deep (Rhodophyceae has Chl d, lives deepest)

Memory phrase: "B-C-D climbing the alphabet from shallow to deep"

Mnemonic 2: Storage Products — "S-L-F"

• Starch → green (Same as higher plants — green is the link to land plants)
• Laminarin → brown (Laminaria is a brown alga → laminarin)
• Floridean starch → red (Floridean = Flora of the deep = red)

Mnemonic 3: Dominant Phase — "BAP Get Advanced"

• Bryophytes: Gametophyte dominant
• Pteridophytes: Sporophyte dominant (shift happens here)
• Gymnosperms: Sporophyte dominant
• Angiosperms: Sporophyte dominant Memory: "Bryophytes are the ONLY ones with Gametophyte dominance"

Mnemonic 4: Monocot vs Dicot — "MONO = 1-Parallel-Fibrous-Scattered-3"

• 1 cotyledon
• Parallel venation
• Fibrous root
• Scattered VB
• 3 (trimerous flowers)

vs DI = 2-Reticulate-Tap-Ring-5

Mnemonic 5: Heterosporous Pteridophytes — "SS = HeteroS"

• Selaginella and Salvinia — BOTH start with S = BOTH are heterosporous
• Everything else = homosporous

Mnemonic 6: Gymnosperms Examples — "P-C-G-S"

• Pinus (needle leaves, monoecious)
• Cycas (palm-like, dioecious, largest ovule)
• Ginkgo (fan leaves, deciduous, living fossil)
• Sequoia (tallest tree)