Mnemonic 1: Nephron Segment Order

"Bring Pure Lemonade Daily, Come!" B = Bowman's capsule, P = PCT, L = Loop of Henle, D = DCT, C = Collecting duct

Alternative: "Boys Play Loud Drums Constantly" (same initial letters)

Mnemonic 2: Excretion Modes (Habitat → Product)

"A-A, U-U, U-U" = Aquatic-Ammonia, Us(mammals)-Urea, Up-in-air(birds)-Uric acid

Toxicity decreasing: "AUU" = A(mmonia) most toxic, U(rea) moderate, U(ric acid) least. Water need decreasing: Same order — AUU.

Mnemonic 3: Loop of Henle Permeability

• D = Descending = Drinks water (water comes IN/OUT of the tubule — water-permeable, solute-impermeable)
• A = Ascending = Allows salts out (NaCl-permeable, water-impermeable)

Mnemonic 4: RAAS Cascade

"RAAS = Renin Acts, Aldosterone Soars" Renin → Angiotensinogen → Angiotensin I → ACE → Angiotensin II → Aldosterone Trigger: Low BP → JG cells → Renin released

Mnemonic 5: Hormone Summary (3 H's)

• ADH = Anti-Diuretic Hormone. ANTI = against urine. More ADH → LESS urine (concentrated).
• Aldosterone = All sodium in. Na+ IN, K+ OUT. From Adrenal cortex.
• ANF = Atrial Natriuretic Factor. Atria Natriuretic = Natrium (Na+) loss. High volume → ANF → Na+ out.

Mnemonic 6: Excretion Examples by Group

• Birds: BURU → Birds = Uric acid, Reptiles = Uric acid
• Fish: FUshwater fish = ammonotelism (Freshwater Fish → ammonia). Marine Fish = Ureotelic (M-U).
• Frogs: Tadpole = T for Aquatic (Ammonotelic). Adult frog = Adult = terrestrial = Ureotelic.

Mnemonic 7: PCT Reabsorption List

"GANK-BW" = Glucose, Amino acids, Na+, K+, Bicarbonate (HCO3−), Water (obligatory)

Mnemonic 8: Disorders Short Code

• U = Uremia (Urea in blood)
• RC = Renal Calculi (kidney stones = calcium oxalate)
• GN = Glomerulonephritis (inflammation = proteinuria + haematuria)
• RF = Renal Failure → Dialysis