1. SeriouS adds, Parallel reCiprocates: Resistors in Series: R adds (R_eq = $R_{1}$ + $R_{2}$). Resistors in Parallel: 1/R adds (1/R_eq = 1/$R_{1}$ + 1/$R_{2}$). Opposite of capacitors!

2. Resistors and Capacitors are always RIVALS: Whatever resistors do in series, capacitors do in parallel (and vice versa). Rivals always do the opposite!

3. POT measures POTential, not Terminal: A POTentiometer measures true POTential (EMF) because no current flows at null. A voltmeter is "vaguely less" — it measures terminal voltage V = ε − Ir < ε.

4. CIVIL for AC Phase (extended to KVL sign): In Circuits, go from Interior (negative) to Voltage (positive) of a cell for **+**ε. In Loop through resistor with current direction for **−**IR.

5. COLD → HOT = Metal → MORE resistance: Cold → Less R; Hot → More R (for metals). Semiconductors: COLD → MORE, HOT → LESS (opposite of metals).

6. VIR — Very Important Relationship: V = I × R. Voltage = Current × Resistance. Always remember: Volts = Amps × Ohms. Ohm's law in three words.

7. P = $I^{2}$R for S, $V^{2}$/R for P: Series uses I^{2} R (same current). Parallel uses V^{2}/R (same voltage). S → I; P → V.

8. "Short circuit = Zero terminal voltage": If R = 0, V = ε − Ir = ε − ε = 0. Short circuit → zero terminal voltage, maximum current (ε/r).