Misconceptions — True/False Items — Notes | NoteTube

Statement	True/False	Correction (if False)
All aquatic animals are ammonotelic	FALSE	Marine bony fish and sharks are ureotelic
Tadpoles and adult frogs have the same excretion mode	FALSE	Tadpoles = ammonotelic; adult frogs = ureotelic
GFR of 125 mL/min means the kidney produces 125 L of urine per day	FALSE	GFR × time = 180 L/day of FILTRATE; only 1.5 L becomes urine (99% reabsorbed)
The descending limb of loop of Henle is permeable to NaCl	FALSE	Descending limb is permeable to water, IMPERMEABLE to solutes
The ascending limb of loop of Henle is permeable to water	FALSE	Ascending limb is IMPERMEABLE to water; permeable to NaCl
ADH is produced in the posterior pituitary	FALSE	ADH is SYNTHESIZED in the hypothalamus and RELEASED from posterior pituitary
Aldosterone and ADH are produced by the same gland	FALSE	Aldosterone = adrenal cortex; ADH = $\frac{hypothalamus}{posterior}$ pituitary
ANF is released when blood volume is LOW	FALSE	ANF is released when blood volume is HIGH (atrial stretching)
ANF increases Na+ reabsorption	FALSE	ANF DECREASES Na+ reabsorption (natriuretic = Na+ loss)
The ornithine cycle occurs in the kidney	FALSE	The ornithine cycle (urea synthesis) occurs in the LIVER
Renal calculi most commonly consist of uric acid	FALSE	Most common = calcium oxalate (~70–80%); uric acid stones are second
Dialysing fluid contains no glucose to maximise its removal from blood	FALSE	Dialysing fluid DOES contain glucose at normal plasma levels to PREVENT its removal
Uremia means excess uric acid in blood	FALSE	Uremia = excess UREA in blood (from kidney failure)
All nephrons have equally long loops of Henle	FALSE	Cortical nephrons (85%) = short loop; juxtamedullary (15%) = long loop
The vasa recta creates the medullary osmotic gradient	FALSE	Vasa recta MAINTAINS/PRESERVES the gradient; the loop of Henle CREATES it
Glucose is not filtered at the glomerulus	FALSE	Glucose IS filtered freely at the glomerulus; it is then completely reabsorbed in the PCT
ADH acts on the PCT to concentrate urine	FALSE	ADH acts on the DCT and COLLECTING DUCT (not PCT)
Birds excrete urea as their primary nitrogenous waste	FALSE	Birds excrete URIC ACID (they are uricotelic)