type: mind_map | subtopic: Topic Overview

                        ATOMS & NUCLEI
                             |
         ┌───────────────────┼───────────────────┐
         │                   │                   │
   RUTHERFORD             BOHR MODEL         NUCLEAR PHYSICS
   SCATTERING                │                   │
         │             ┌─────┼─────┐         ┌───┼───┐
  d = 2k$Ze^{2}$/KE      Radius  Energy  Spectrum  Radius  Binding
         │           ∝$n^{2}$/Z  ∝-$Z^{2}$/$n^{2}$    │      ∝A^1/3  Energy
  Conclusions            │       │   Series      │       │
  • Mostly empty     KE=-E     PE=2E  Lyman  ρ=const  $\Delta m$×931.5
  • Tiny nucleus     (+ve)    (-ve)   Balmer     │     MeV/A
  • Electrons far         │           Paschen  Fe-56   curve
         |           n(n-1)/2          │       peak      │
         |           spectral      λ = R(...)        Fusion/
         |           lines                           Fission
         │                                               │
         └───────────────── RADIOACTIVITY ───────────────┘
                                  │
                    ┌─────────────┼──────────────┐
                    │             │              │
                 Alpha         Beta-minus      Gamma
                 A-4, Z-2     A same, Z+1    A,Z unchanged
                    │                              │
               N=$N_{0}$e^(-λt)                t_{1}/_{2}=0.693/λ
               Activity: λN               τ = 1/λ = 1.443t_{1}/_{2}

Central insight: The Rutherford model (nuclear) forms the foundation. Bohr added quantum conditions to explain atomic spectra. Nuclear physics extends to the nucleus itself — its size, stability (binding energy), and decay processes. All these topics interconnect through the concept of quantization and energy conservation.