DUAL NATURE OF
                    RADIATION & MATTER (PH-01)
                              │
           ┌──────────────────┼──────────────────┐
           │                  │                  │
    RADIATION               MATTER            KEY EXPERIMENTS
    AS PARTICLE            AS WAVE
           │                  │                  │
    Photon concept       de Broglie          ┌───┴───┐
    • E = hν            • λ = h/mv      Photoelectric  Davisson-
    • p = h/λ           • λ = h/p       (Lenard/       Germer
    • m_{0} = 0            • λ = h/√(2mKE) Einstein)      (1927)
    • speed = c                              │           │
           │            Electron through V    │      Ni crystal
    PHOTOELECTRIC       λ = 1.227/√V nm       │      diffraction
    EFFECT                    │           Confirmed  Wave nature
    │                 At same V: λ∝1/√m  E=hν−φ    of electrons
    ├─ Threshold: ν_{0} = φ/h         │
    ├─ KE_max = hν − φ        GRAPHS
    ├─ $V_{0}$ = (hν−φ)/e    ┌────┴────┐
    │                  │         │
    ├─ Intensity →    KE_max   $V_{0}$ vs ν
    │  photocurrent   vs ν     slope=h/e
    │  (NOT $V_{0}$)      slope=h   x-int=ν_{0}
    │
    └─ Frequency →    APPLICATIONS
       KE_max, $V_{0}$    ┌──────┴──────┐
                    Light         Matter
                    side          side
                  • Solar cells  • Electron
                  • Photodiodes    microscope
                  • CCD cameras  • Electron
                  • PMT tubes      diffraction
                  • XPS          • Atom
                                   interferometry