Topic: Memory Aids and Mnemonics for BIO-02

MNEMONIC 1: "Lazy Students Prefer Playing And Drinking" (Microbes in Food)

• Lactobacillus → Curd (lactic acid fermentation, +B12)
• Saccharomyces → Bread and Ethanol ($CO_{2}$ + alcohol)
• Propionibacterium → Swiss cheese ($CO_{2}$ makes holes)
• Penicillium roqueforti → Roquefort cheese (blue-green)
• Aspergillus niger → Citric acid
• Acetobacter → Vinegar (acetic acid) Remember: Two P's = two cheese types; Two A's = acid products

MNEMONIC 2: "RANG" (Biofertilizers)

• Rhizobium — symbiotic $N_{2}$ in legume nodules
• Azotobacter/Azospirillum — free-living $N_{2}$ fixers
• Nostoc/Anabaena — cyanobacteria in paddy fields
• Glomus — mycorrhiza (phosphorus, NOT nitrogen!) RANG = color in Hindi = biofertilizers "color" the soil with fertility

MNEMONIC 3: "SET" (Streptomyces Antibiotics)

• Streptomycin (S. griseus — anti-TB)
• Erythromycin (anti-gram-positive)
• Tetracycline (broad-spectrum)

MNEMONIC 4: "3 P's of Sewage Treatment"

• Physical = Primary (screening, sedimentation)
• Power of Biology = Secondary (aerobic microbes → BOD down)
• Produces biogas = Anaerobic digestion (methanogens → $CH_{4}$)

MNEMONIC 5: "STOP" (BOD Rule)

• Sewage/organic matter in water
• Taxes microbes to eat it (consuming $O_{2}$)
• Oxygen depleted = high BOD
• Polluted water confirmed High BOD = STOP — danger, polluted water!

MNEMONIC 6: "Tri-Cyclo" (Remember Cyclosporin A)

• Trichoderma polysporum → Cyclosporin A
• "Tri" = 3 = remember Trichoderma
• "Cyclo" is in both "Cyclosporin" and "Trichoderma's cycle" of production

KEY FACT ANCHORS (for last-minute revision):

• 1928 = Fleming discovered penicillin
• Propionibacterium ≠ Lactobacillus (both dairy, different products!)
• Streptokinase ≠ Streptomycin (both "Strepto-", very different products!)
• Mycorrhiza ≠ Nitrogen fixation (it's Phosphorus!)