Conceptual Flow:
Equation Summary Table:
| Equation | Physical Meaning | Key Implication |
|---|---|---|
| Gauss (E): Flux = /ε_{0} | Charges are sources of E field | E field lines originate/terminate on charges |
| Gauss (B): Flux = 0 | No magnetic monopoles exist | B field lines are always closed loops |
| Faraday: ∮E·dl = –dΦ_B/dt | Changing B produces E | Basis of generators, transformers |
| Ampere-Maxwell: ∮B·dl = μ_{0}( + ε_{0}dΦ_E/dt) | Currents and changing E produce B | Displacement current; EM wave prediction |
The symmetry that makes waves possible: Faraday says changing B → E; Ampere-Maxwell says changing E → B. These two coupled equations allow the fields to regenerate each other as they propagate — an EM wave.