Part of GEN-02 — Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance, Sex Linkage & Genetic Disorders

Key Values and Ratios Sheet

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Chromosome Numbers

ConditionTotal Chromosomes
Normal human (diploid)46 (44 autosomes + 2 sex chromosomes)
Down syndrome47 (+21 = extra autosome)
Turner syndrome45 (XO = missing sex chromosome)
Klinefelter syndrome47 (XXY = extra sex chromosome)
Super Female47 (XXX = extra sex chromosome)
Normal egg/sperm (haploid)23

Gene Locations (Must Memorise for NEET)

DisorderGeneChromosome
Sickle cell anaemiaHBB (beta-globin)11
Beta-thalassemiaHBB (beta-globin)11
Alpha-thalassemiaHBA1/HBA2 (alpha-globin)16
Phenylketonuria (PKU)PAH (phenylalanine hydroxylase)12
Haemophilia AF8 (clotting factor VIII)X chromosome
Colour blindnessOPN1LW / OPN1MW (photopigments)X chromosome

Key Genetic Ratios (Standard Crosses)

CrossRatioApplication
Aa × Aa3:1 (affected:unaffected)Autosomal recessive parents
Aa × Aa1:2:1 (AA:Aa:aa)Autosomal recessive genotype ratio
Aa × aa1:1 (carrier:affected)Test cross / carrier × affected
XAX^A XaX^a × XAX^A Y1:1 (carrier ♀ or normal ♂ : affected ♂)X-linked carrier cross
2/3 probabilityUnaffected sibling is carrier in autosomal recessiveConditional probability

Mnemonic: Barr Body Rule

Number of Barr bodies = Total X chromosomes − 1

  • Normal female (XX) → 1 Barr body
  • Turner (XO) → 0 Barr bodies
  • Klinefelter (XXY) → 1 Barr body
  • Super Female (XXX) → 2 Barr bodies
  • Normal male (XY) → 0 Barr bodies

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