### Topic: Key Biochemical Reactions and Equations in BIO-02
**1. Lactic Acid Fermentation (Lactobacillus)**
```
$C_{6}H_{12}O_{6}$ → 2 $CH_{3}CHOHCOOH$
Glucose → 2 Lactic Acid
[No $CO_{2}$ produced — no gas in curd]
```
**2. Alcoholic Fermentation (Saccharomyces cerevisiae)**
```
$C_{6}H_{12}O_{6}$ → 2 $C_{2}H_{5}OH$ + 2 $CO_{2}$
Glucose → 2 Ethanol + 2 Carbon dioxide
[$CO_{2}$ causes bread to rise; ethanol is the alcohol in wine/beer]
```
**3. Propionate Fermentation (Propionibacterium shermanii)**
```
3 $CH_{3}CHOHCOOH$ → 2 $CH_{3}CH_{2}COOH$ + $CH_{3}COOH$ + $CO_{2}$ + $H_{2}O$
3 Lactic acid → 2 Propionic acid + Acetic acid + $CO_{2}$
[$CO_{2}$ trapped in cheese = Swiss cheese holes]
```
**4. Acetic Acid Fermentation (Acetobacter aceti)**
```
$CH_{3}C$$H_{2}O$H + $O_{2}$ → $CH_{3}COOH$ + $H_{2}O$
Ethanol + Oxygen → Acetic acid (Vinegar) + Water
[Requires aerobic conditions]
```
**5. Biological Nitrogen Fixation (Rhizobium, Azotobacter, Anabaena)**
```
$N_{2}$ + 8$H^{+}$ + 8$e^{-}$ + 16 ATP → 2 $NH_{3}$ + $H_{2}$ + 16 ADP + 16 Pi
[Catalyzed by nitrogenase; requires 16 ATP per $N_{2}$ molecule]
[$O_{2}$ DESTROYS nitrogenase — anaerobic micro-environment required]
```
**6. Methanogenesis (Methanobacterium)**
```
$CH_{3}COOH$ → $CH_{4}$ + $CO_{2}$ (acetoclastic methanogenesis)
4 $H_{2}$ + $CO_{2}$ → $CH_{4}$ + 2 $H_{2}O$ (hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis)
[Both pathways produce methane in anaerobic digesters]
```
**7. HMG-CoA Reductase Reaction (inhibited by lovastatin)**
```
HMG-CoA + 2 NADPH → Mevalonate + 2 NA$DP^{+}$ + CoA
[Rate-limiting step of cholesterol synthesis; BLOCKED by statins]
```$
Part of BIO-02 — Microbes in Human Welfare
Key Biochemical Reactions and Equations in BIO-02
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