Part of CALC-10 — Integration: Advanced Techniques & Reduction

Integration of Rational Functions of sin and cos

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General form: integral R(sin x, cos x) dx

Method selection:

  1. If R(-sin x, cos x) = -R(sin x, cos x) [odd in sin]: substitute t = cos x
  2. If R(sin x, -cos x) = -R(sin x, cos x) [odd in cos]: substitute t = sin x
  3. If R(-sin x, -cos x) = R(sin x, cos x) [even in both]: substitute t = tan x
  4. If none of the above: use Weierstrass substitution t = tanx2\frac{x}{2}

Examples:

  • integral sin3sin^3 x * cos2cos^2 x dx: odd in sin => t = cos x
  • integral sin2sin^2 x * cos3cos^3 x dx: odd in cos => t = sin x
  • integral dx3+5sin2x\frac{dx}{3 + 5sin^2 x}: even in both => divide by cos2cos^2 x, substitute t = tan x
  • integral dx2+sinx\frac{dx}{2 + sin x}: none of the above => Weierstrass

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