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Part of CALC-10 — Integration: Advanced Techniques & Reduction

Integration of 1/(ax^2+bx+c) — General Method

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Method: Complete the square in the denominator to reduce to standard forms.

ax^2 + bx + c = a[(x + b/(2a))^2 + (c/a - b^2/(4a^2))]

Case 1: Discriminant < 0 (no real roots) Integral = (1/a) * (1/k) * arctan((x+b/(2a))/k) where k^2 = c/a - b^2/(4a^2)

Case 2: Discriminant > 0 (real roots) Factor into (x-r1)(x-r2) and use partial fractions: A/(x-r1) + B/(x-r2)

Case 3: Perfect square (discriminant = 0) Integral = -1/(a(x+b/(2a))) + C

Important standard results:

  • integral dx/(x^2+a^2) = (1/a)arctan(x/a) + C
  • integral dx/(x^2-a^2) = (1/2a)ln|(x-a)/(x+a)| + C

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